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Avar (магӏарул мацӏ, , "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ, , "Avar language"), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.
| + Consonant phonemes of Avar Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA |
There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign . Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis. The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence ( = ).Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics p. 371.
| +Avar Vowels ! !Front vowel !Back vowel |
do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g. the in "inside" and "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative, allative, and ablative forms suffixally, such as "inside", "to the inside", and "from the inside". is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives.
Peter von Uslar developed a Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form: а, б, в, г, ӷ, д, е, ж, һ, , , і, ј, к, қ, , л, м, н, о, п, ԛ, , р, с, ҫ, т, ҭ, у, х, х̍, хᷱ, ц, , / ц̓, / ꚑ, ч, ч̍, чᷱ, / ч̓, ш, ղ, ղ̓, ղᷱ,
As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka ( stick, Ӏ), originally the digit 1 on a manual typewriter. The palochka is not included in common computer , and is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ) or occasionally a small Latin letter L ( l ) rather than the digit 1.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГӀ гӏ | Д д |
| Е е , | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ |
| Кь кь | КӀ кӏ | КӀкӏ кӏкӏ | Кк кк | Л л | ЛӀ лӏ | Лъ лъ | Лълъ лълъ |
| М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Сс сс | Т т |
| ТӀ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хьхь хьхь |
| ХӀ хӏ | Ц ц | Цц цц | ЦӀ цӏ | ЦӀцӏ цӏцӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | ЧӀ чӏ |
| ЧӀчӏ чӏчӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю |
| Я я |
| A a | /a/ |
| B b | /b/ |
| C c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| Ꞓ ꞓ | /t͡ʃʼ/ |
| D d | /d/ |
| E e | /e/ |
| G ɡ | /ɡ/ |
| Ƣ ƣ | /ʁ/ |
| H h | /h/ |
| Ħ ħ | /ħ/ |
| Ⱨ ⱨ | /ʕ/ |
| I i | /i/ |
| J j | /j/, /Cʲ/ |
| K k | /k/ |
| Ⱪ ⱪ | /kʼ/ |
| L l | /l/ |
| Ļ ļ | /t͡ɬ/ |
| Ꝉ̧ ꝉ̧ | |
| M m | /m/ |
| N n | /n/ |
| O o | /o/ |
| P p | /p/ |
| Q q | /q͡χʼː/ |
| Ꝗ ꝗ | /t͡ɬʼː/ |
| R r | /r/ |
| S s | /s/ |
| Ꟊ ꟊ | /t͡s/ |
| Ş ş | /ʃ/ |
| T t | /t/ |
| Ţ ţ | /tʼ/ |
| U u | /u/ |
| V v | /w/, /Cʷ/ |
| X x | /χ/ |
| Ҳ ҳ | /x/ |
| Ӿ ӿ | /q͡χː/ |
| Z z | /z/ |
| Ƶ ƶ | /ʒ/ |
| Ⱬ ⱬ | /t͡sʼ/ |
| ʼ | /ʔ/ |
While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1881.
| ا | /a/ |
| ب | /b/ |
| ت | /t/ |
| تُ | /tʷ/ |
| ج | /ʒ/ |
| جُ | /ʒʷ/ |
| ڃ | /t͡ʃʼ/ |
| ڃُ | /t͡ʃʷʼ/ |
| ڃّ | /t͡ʃʼː/ |
| ڃُّ | /t͡ʃʷʼː/ |
| چ | /t͡ʃ/ |
| چُ | /t͡ʃʷ/ |
| چّ | /t͡ʃː/ |
| چُّ | /t͡ʃʷː/ |
| ح | /ʜ/ |
| حُ | /ʜʷ/ |
| خ | /χ/ |
| خُ | /χʷ/ |
| خّ | /χː/ |
| خُّ | /χʷː/ |
| څ | /q͡χː/ |
| څُ | /q͡χʷː/ |
| د | /d/ |
| دُ | /dʷ/ |
| ر | /r/ |
| ز | /z/ |
| زُ | /zʷ/ |
| س | /s/ |
| سُ | /sʷ/ |
| سّ | /sː/ |
| سُّ | /sʷː/ |
| ش | /ʃ/ |
| شُ | /ʃʷ/ |
| شّ | /ʃː/ |
| شُّ | /ʃʷː/ |
| ص | /t͡s/ |
| صّ | /t͡sː/ |
| ض | /t͡sʼ/ |
| ضُ | /t͡sʷʼ/ |
| ضّ | /t͡sʼː/ |
| ضُّ | /t͡sʷʼː/ |
| ط | /tʼ/ |
| طُ | /tʷʼ/ |
| ع | /ʕ/ |
| غ | /ʁ/ |
| غُ | /ʁʷ/ |
| ف | /p/ |
| /f/ | |
| ڣ | /pʼ/ |
| ق | /q͡χʼː/ |
| قُ | /q͡χʷʼː/ |
| ڨ | /t͡ɬʼː/ |
| ڨُ | /t͡ɬʷʼː/ |
| ك | /k/ |
| كُ | /kʷ/ |
| كّ | /kː/ |
| كُّ | /kʷː/ |
| گ | /kʼ/ |
| گُ | /kʷʼ/ |
| گّ | /kʼː/ |
| گُّ | /kʷʼː/ |
| ڬ | /ɡ/ |
| ڬُ | /ɡʷ/ |
| ڮ | /x/ |
| ڮُ | /xʷ/ |
| ڮّ | /xː/ |
| ل | /l/ |
| ڸ | /t͡ɬ/ |
| ڸُ | /t͡ɬʷ/ |
| ڸّ | /t͡ɬː/ |
| ڸُّ | /t͡ɬʷː/ |
| م | /m/ |
| ن | /n/ |
| و | /w/ |
| ئۈ، ۈ | /o/ |
| ئۇ، ۇ | /u/ |
| ﻫُ | /ɦʷ/ |
| ﻫ | /ɦ/ |
| ئې، ې | /e/ |
| ئې، ې، يې | /e/, /je/ |
| ئێ، ێ | /i/ |
| /ɨ/ | |
| ي | /j/ |
| /ʲ/ | |
| يا | /ja/ |
| يۈ | /jo/ |
| يۇ | /ju/ |
| ئ | /ʔ/ |
| ئُ | /ʔʷ/ |
As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter yāʼ ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function.
| +Varieties of "ی" ! Leter ! Cyrillic Equivalent ! IPA ! Function | |||
| - / ъ | /ʔ/ | Used at the beginning of words starting with vowels "О о" o, "У у" u, "Э э" e, and "И и" i. Has no sound of its own, but acts as "vowel carrier". Similar to writing conventions of Uyghur alphabet and Kurdish | |
| Э э / Е е | /e/ | Similar letter exists in Pashto alphabet, Uzbek, and Uyghur alphabet orthographies. | |
| И и / Ы ы | /i~ɨ/ | Similar letter exists in Kurdish orthography, but for the vowel e. | |
| Й й | /j/ | Equivalent to English "y" sound. |
Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics.
First is "shadda" (ـّـ), used for gemination. While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including digraphs are written, in Arabic script, shadda is used.
Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is ḍammah (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent o or u. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for labialization ◌ʷ and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" zʷa is written as "زُا".
This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example, the sound "ссвa" sʷːa is written as "سُّا".
If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an a sound, it is written with alif "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is hamza-ya' (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script.
| +Vowel Table | ||||
The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian language have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union.
| /wort͡ʃ’ami/ | |
| /ʃːib ʜal bugeb/ | |
| /iʃ kin bugeb/ | |
| /duda t͡s’ar ʃːib/ | |
| /dur t͡ʃan son bugeb/ | |
| /mun kiwe ina wugew/ | |
| /t’asa ɬuha/ | |
| / A'bel/ | |
| / A'men/ | |
| /kiwe hit’inaw was unew wugew/ | |
| /wasas ʃiʃa bekana/ | |
| Ḩez nux́ bale (ḩabuleb) bugo. | /hez nuχ bale (habuleb) bugo/ |
| Я, зобалазда вугев нижер Эмен, дур цӀар гӀадамаз мукъадасаблъун рикӀкӀаги, дур ПарччахӀлъи тӀаде щваги. Зобалаздаго гӀадин ракьалдаги дур амру билълъанхъаги. Жакъа нижер бетӀербахъиялъе хинкӀ-чед кье нижее. Нижер налъи-хӀакъалда тӀасаги лъугьа, нижерго налъулазда тӀаса нижги лъугьарал ругин. Нижер хӀалбихьизеги биччаге, Квешалдаса цӀуне ниж. | Ja, zobalazda wugew niƶer Emen, dur ⱬar ⱨadamaz muqadasabļun, riⱪⱪagi, dur Parccaħļi ţade şşvagi. Zobalazdago ⱨadin raꝗaldagi dur amru biļļanӿagi. Ƶaqa niƶer beţerbaӿijaļe xinⱪ-ced ꝗe niƶeje. Niƶer naļi-ħaqalda ţasagi ļuha, niƶergo naļulazda, ţasa niƶgi ļuharal rugin. Niƶer ħalbiҳizegi biccage, Kveşaldasa ⱬune niƶ | Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. Give us this day our daily bread, And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. |
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